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: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller.

: Always override them together. If you break this, HashMap and HashSet will fail. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller

: Enums are full-fledged classes providing type safety and powerful features. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller

The book’s mantra is: If you follow these patterns, your code will be idiomatic and maintainable. To help you apply these concepts: : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller

: Don't use them for normal control flow.

: Pass resources to the constructor instead of hardcoding them (Singleton/Static utilities). 2. Methods Common to All Objects

: Implement it for any class with a natural ordering. 3. Classes and Interfaces