The volume begins with the , where European monarchs attempted to "turn back the clock" and suppress the liberal and nationalistic ideals sparked by the French Revolution.
A central theme of this era is the crystallization of national identities and the formation of major modern powers. Istoria Europei vol. IV
The authors detail how Europe became the "workshop of the world," leading to unprecedented economic growth but also deep social fractures. The volume begins with the , where European