: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS.
The primary goal of Volume II is to standardize how States, operators, and charting organizations design flight procedures. This uniformity ensures that a pilot flying into any international aerodrome can rely on consistent safety margins, regardless of local terrain. Key areas of focus include: Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2
: Establishing parameters for turn areas, including wind spirals and bank angles, to ensure aircraft stay within protected airspace. : Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR,
: Providing design rules for the five segments of an instrument approach: arrival, initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach. including wind spirals and bank angles
: Defining the minimum vertical separation (MOC) required between an aircraft and any terrain or man-made obstacles.