: The Portuguese, seeking to monopolize the spice trade after capturing Malacca in 1511, attacked and eventually conquered Samudera Pasai.
: Following the reign of Sultan Malik Az-Zahir , subsequent leaders lacked the same administrative and military prowess. : The Portuguese, seeking to monopolize the spice
: According to the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai , the tyrannical behavior of Sultan Ahmad , who reportedly killed his own sons out of jealousy, contributed significantly to the loss of public and military trust. External Factors of Collapse External Factors of Collapse The collapse of ,
The collapse of , the first Islamic kingdom in the Indonesian archipelago, was not caused by a single event but rather a combination of internal conflicts and external pressures during the 14th to 16th centuries. : The Portuguese
: Following the Portuguese withdrawal, Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah of the Aceh Darussalam Sultanate incorporated Pasai into his growing empire to unify the region against colonial powers. Historical Significance Ini Penyebab Kemunduran Kerajaan Islam Samudra Pasai
: Frequent power struggles within the royal family led to civil wars.