Bovine Reproduction -

: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandin ( PGF2αcap P cap G cap F sub 2 alpha end-sub ) orchestrate the entire reproductive process. 🚜 Breeding & Management Methods

: A cow's pregnancy typically lasts about 283 days (roughly 9 months), fluctuating slightly depending on the specific breed and the sex of the calf.

To manage and improve herds, producers rely on several heavily researched breeding methods: Bovine Reproduction - Taylor & Francis Bovine Reproduction

: Cattle are polyestrous, meaning they cycle continuously throughout the year if not pregnant. The average cycle lasts 21 days and is divided into four distinct phases:

: The cow is in heat and sexually receptive to the bull. The average cycle lasts 21 days and is

: The CL regresses if no pregnancy is detected, and the body prepares for a new heat cycle.

: Ovulation occurs, and the corpus luteum (CL) begins to form. is the cornerstone of both the dairy and beef industries

is the cornerstone of both the dairy and beef industries. Efficient reproductive management directly dictates herd profitability, milk production volume, and genetic progress. 🔬 Core Biological Concepts