: Liberalization has led to significant job losses in industrial heartlands (e.g., the Midwestern U.S. or Northern England) where promised replacement jobs often fail to materialize.

: Mandating that a certain percentage of a product's value be produced domestically. Trade Remedies

: Maintaining domestic production of "strategic" goods (like steel or semiconductors) is often used to justify trade barriers so a country isn't vulnerable during a crisis.

These are often harder to track than traditional taxes (tariffs). They include: : Total bans on trade with a specific country.

: Bans on specific products (e.g., used car parts or clothing) often justified by health or safety concerns.

Antitrade -

: Liberalization has led to significant job losses in industrial heartlands (e.g., the Midwestern U.S. or Northern England) where promised replacement jobs often fail to materialize.

: Mandating that a certain percentage of a product's value be produced domestically. Trade Remedies antitrade

: Maintaining domestic production of "strategic" goods (like steel or semiconductors) is often used to justify trade barriers so a country isn't vulnerable during a crisis. : Liberalization has led to significant job losses

These are often harder to track than traditional taxes (tariffs). They include: : Total bans on trade with a specific country. antitrade

: Bans on specific products (e.g., used car parts or clothing) often justified by health or safety concerns.